Separate Reception Etiquette

Time Capsule College

The time capsules are containers in which messages are stored and objects of the present to be found by future generations. Some are fortuitous those that have come with no intention by our ancestors. They met mostly in the eighteenth century and early decades of the nineteenth century due to g reat discoveries of archeology to:

• wealth of ancient Egypt and the treasures of their sarcophagi and mummies

• Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabia, buried cities Adas volcanic ash and stones thrown by Vesuvius, which have become veritable time capsules unintended and buildings have been preserved for centuries, objects, food waste, including animal and people.All they clearly reveal the daily life, customs and art of these cities.

Other time capsules are intended born out of necessity over the history of leaving our legacy of cultural, historical and scientific for future generations. There is evidence of considerable antiquity in the background we see them. Thanks to José Luis Pellicer have known that Mesopotamia was a curious tradition in building monuments, placing among its foundation (but in places accessible for future explorers supposedly) a number d and cylinders founding not only be aimed dedicatory character to the gods whose protection would be entrusted with the building concerned, but also to transmit information to a future monarch to undertake the restoration of the monument, since being building material clay, not stone buildings needed frequent repairs or reconstruction .

These inscriptions were shaped foundations cylinders, prisms, cones and inscribed bricks are placed inside the walls involved in the so-called kits foundation waiting to be rescued indeterminate future time, as real time capsules.

An inscription of Sargon II (721-705 BC) said:

"on tablets of gold, silver, bronze, tin, lead, lapis lazuli, alabaster, signed my name and I put in the foundation walls (= foundation). A future prince to carry out the restoration of the ruins, and you can enter your wake and lift next to mine. (Then) the god Assur hear your prayers ". Registration

cited in DG Lyon, Keilschrifttexte Sargons II, Königs von. Assyria. Leipzig 1883]. 23-34 and 52

These traditions also have a political background that was used by the monarchs. With the restoration of the temple's new King fixed his legitimacy and continuity with previous dynasties to gods and men.

To mark the centenary of Cervantes College, the school of my childhood, it will make a presentation for which they have asked alumni photographs or papers from school. So dive in drawers at home and having my hands back on some of my notebooks, report cards and photos ...(¡ often paint!) Was like opening a time capsule and discover my own childhood. Again you come to mind memories of colleagues, teachers in some mischief, the writing contest Coca-cola, participation in One, two, three ... trip to Mallorca ... unforgettable moments you had in a corner memory and that suddenly appear fully alive.

This me did think it would be nice to do something to contribute to rescue from oblivion some aspect of its long history and reveal some secrets of their time capsule discovered and ... really has!

Since fre just nte to school are the little gardens of Guillén de Castro and source monument to Cervantes, I started wondering which came first, the College or monument-source?

In fact the fate of the source and c olegio Cervantes have been partners since its origins in the commemorate the third centenary of the publication of the first part of The Ingenious Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha , on May 7, 1905 in Valencia due to linking the city with this work of Cervantes.

To celebrate this fact the City Council decided to build some graduate schools with the name of Cervantes in the old solar municipal abattoir, situated at Guillén de Castro, against food market.

With the aim of organizing the centenary was appointed a joint board, chaired by Jose Aguilar and Blanch, was made up of representatives of the City and literary societies. The Board decided to erect a monument to Cervantes in front of future schools, which requested the Valencian sculptor Mariano Benlliure.

The celebration of May 7, 1905 saw the commencement com a civic event the City Council

" Flags and banners, school students public private , representatives of cultural organizations, recreational and commercial Valencia. Preceded by the drums and bugles, the City Council in corporation under decks. Were carriers of the "senyera" that had been taken out of the House of town with the usual ceremonial " (" The centenary celebrations s of " Quijote "in Valencia," The P ROVINCE, May 8, 1905, p . 1.)

They went to the church of San Martín, near where the printing was Pedro Patricio Mey Valencia printed edition of Don Quixote, and also in 1616 published the second part of the novel, few months after he appeared in Madrid. In that place discovered a memorial , we can now see on the street corner San Vicente Plaza de la Reina.

Here p printed or Patrick M e 1605 -1616 the first and second part of the famous Don Quixote de la Mancha by Miguel de Cervantes. The Hon. Valencia City Council placed this inscription on May 7, 1905 pa ra commemorate the third anniversary

Later in Santa Catalina, Calle de Zaragoza, Plaza de la Constitution Knights and Fourth Street came to the garden of Guillén de Castro, which had large numbers of people. In the middle of the garden was installed plaster sketch of the monument to Cervantes, made and donated by Benlliure to the city of Valencia, in a generous gesture of the sculptor tribute to the writer and the city to commemorate his work. On some great books of the author, who transmitted to their volume weight of the piece, stylized figure emerges largest character in the chimera, recognizable but ethereal, which boosts the bust of his world operator.

The municipal school students sang Hymn to Cervantes, with music and lyrics by Salvador Giner Teodoro Llorente. Mr. Serrano Morales, delegate of Public Instruction, documented read a speech Valencia, Cervantes and Don Quixote , recalled episodes in which the writer's life, mentioned passages from the works of Cervantes referring to Valencia and its writers, and ended with words of praise for Valencia, " that culture, enlightenment and love of literature it has been praised over the centuries, believed now that p hates celebrate this anniversary in a more dignified laudable and appropriate, that placing the foundation stone of a Hermes or building devoted to teaching " ( " The centenary celebrations of "Don Quixote" in Valencia, Las Provincias, May 8, 1905, p. 2.)

It was then the inauguration of the works of the first graduate school group erected the City: The "Escuela de Cervantes" with c olocación of a time capsule the foundation of the building, was a leaden box containing the minutes parchment, different currencies in progress copies of local newspapers and a biography of Cervantes. The stone was blessed by Canon Constantine Tormo, and Mayor Jose Ortega Ordeig and relevant threw the shovel of mortar. The children had lunch, and were given a copy of the biography of Miguel de Cervantes, the most outstanding students to receive a copy, too, of Don Quixote.

Image time capsule found in 2009 under this tua Cer efore going in Madrid that was deposited the December 11, 1834, and contained: Don Quixote in 1810, a Royal Charter for the Courts United, 1834, editions of the Gazette of Madrid (current BOE), or n Diario de Avisos de Madrid of the same year, a calendar book and guidelines manual outsiders, published in the Press Real, a biography Mina afia General , English guerrilla who fought in the War of Independence and was shot in 1817 in Mexico , a manuscript, somewhat deteriorated, a book about the life of Cervantes and eight small packets, which are probably coins.

So in 1905 saw the light the t anto the school as the statue, but as the school activity began in 1910, what happened to the statue of Cervantes?

next year he was cast in bronze, as the work is dated and signed by the author in Madrid in 1906. However, in February 1909 the City Council agreeing that was installed the monument to Cervantes in Plaza the Stables, now the painter Pinney, until circumstances permitted their emplazamien to final against the school.

In septiemb of the year 1909 re " sculpture was placed on the stones to do by the sculptor c or loc aron on the original site, raising it by a concrete base ( AHM Monuments, 1909, Exp 10.)

remain in this place for many years small changes in their appearance. So in 1916 he put a clump of plants around it and a provisional fence . ( Las Provincias, November 18, 1916, p. 1, "News from City Hall. Ornato and guardianship).

And there would have been if not for the determination of faculty Cervantes School Group , which would entail the transfer definitive work . The December 5, 1924, in a letter to the City of Valencia, showed:

" When these schools were opened, one of the things they honored Valencia Cervantes memory in the tercentenary celebrations of the publication of Don Quixote, the genius of Mariano Benlliure conceived and carried out a sculpture of Cervantes and Don Quixote was placed in front of schools, in the old food market with the intention that generations of children they were passing by could watch them every day making such sculptures, that the Hon. City Council quite rightly so, moved the statues for whom there was a framework set Market, the call Manege Square, which today no longer exists reason ng some justification, as the best of my knowledge of exponents, children still deprived of his statue, as it has disappeared Food Market ..."( quoted AHM Monuments, 1924, Exp 27208) and after further consideration, they sought, according to her " social desirability, the building is labeled with the name of Cervantes, was moved there the sculpture, which will transform the former site of supplies in the garden or playground, because, as described, was large and was covered with trees but remained been abandoned.

Then began a long series of administrative procedures until the March 26, 1931 , twenty-six years after the agreement of the City Council met. The monument to Cervantes took its final location in front of the school, and since the late sixties surrounded by a source that enhances the whole.

Information obtained Thesis: PUBLIC SCULPTURE ELENA VALENCIA ESTEBAN de las Heras.

This tradition of time capsules is not at all dated, it is now easy to find news about them since many cities and countries, set up to celebrate a special occasion, eg Barcelona, \u200b\u200bArgentina , Chile and elsewhere i ven there are interesting proposals worldwide specifically the KEO satellite, is a time capsule to be launched or in 2011 will carry our messages and to earth in 50,000 years, when readable.

It's easy to send a message, do we dare? O we made our own time capsule?. Now that's complicated! as qu é would select as representative of our time and worthy of remembrance?

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BIOLOGICAL THERAPIES (7)

The rheumatologist put me in their database as a new patient which was submitted to biological therapies. I always have real panic needles, as is common in the population. For that reason when I said I'd have to learn to inject myself, really did not make me any grace. I asked the rheumatologist to give me time to go familiar with the syringe.

Failure to prick myself, it cost me to have to go to the Health of my people, that were the ATS who put me this injection.

had to pinch every 15 days, and the reviews were usually around 3 months or less with previous analytical blood.

Before with the biologic Humira (adalimumab), it was necessary to get a chest x-ray and Mantoux test.

The reason for the chest radiograph was the rule that there is any abnormality in the lungs along with the tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test). These two tests are fundamental contained within the protocol and marked as action before applying for any patient a biological therapy, based on the administration of anti-TNF (tumor necrosis factor).

The Mantoux test consists of the following:

was Introduced in 1908 by Charles Mantoux (French physician) In 1908 he perfected a test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis contacts (LTBI). At one time it was called the white plague.

is based on the hypersensitivity response to specific mycobacterial antigens.

With a very fine needle is injected under the skin of the forearm a harmless substance (antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ) called tuberculin. At 48-72 hours the result should be evaluated by skilled health personnel.

do not cover the puncture site and do not scratch the bumps that are formed in the arm.

"If the result is negative, there was no swelling or bump on the arm where it was injected. In general, a negative means you do not have tuberculosis.

"If the result is positive, if there was a lump . That means you have TB bacteria.

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GUIDE IN PICTURES (16)

HUMIRA PROSPECTUS

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Parentalia Cervantes, Feralia and Caristie.

Februarius was in Rome a month dedicated to the memory of the dead which were held several festivities on this occasion (Feralia , Parentalia and Cara cognatio ) ranging from 13 to 22 February.

The picture shows a fresco of a larario of Pompeii. At the top are represented the Lares and Genius makes offerings on the altar and at the bottom of snakes that are the Manes.

The abundance of snakes in the cemetery, probably due to the existence of remains of food, drink and offerings to the dead was interpreted as the presence of the soul of the deceased, and they thought that human spinal cord became a serpent.

Thus Ovid says in Metamorphoses, XV, 389-390

Some people, when we can have a thorn in tomb closed
that are mutated snakes believe in the human bone marrow.

In Virgil, Aeneid V, 75 et seq find the first mention of the rite of Parentalia, in which Anchises takes the form of a serpent to materialize before his son Aeneas

him from the meeting with many thousands headed 75

the mound in the center of numerous company.

according to the rite here sipping two glasses of wine pure

poured into the ground, two new milk, two blood consecrated

and purple flowers scattered, and it says

"Hail, holy father, again, save, ash in vain

recovered, and ghosts and shadows fathers.

not look you gave me the Italian territories

and destination fields and, wherever you are, the Tiber Ausonius'

So he said, when a lewd exhibition of the deep Serpent

took enormous, its seven rings, seven turns, 85

in placid embrace of the mound and sliding down the altars;

the back was covered bluish stain and gold

a glow lit their scales, like the bow in the clouds

the sun spreads a thousand different colors.

Aeneas was paralyzed with vision. She in a long line 90

finally meanders between the boats and vessels burnished

and liked the food and went down again without damage to deep

the mound and left the proven altars.

• Parentalia, were held from 13 to 21 February

During this time the Romans visited the graves of their ancestors and made them offerings of milk, wine, honey, flowers and other presents. also feasted on the graves to honor and keep alive the memory of ancestors.

These celebrations were of such importance that wills and funeral inscriptions found in the requests in this regard:

-thus testament Flirt see a multitude of details specifying particular aspects of the construction of his tomb so that there is a space prepared for these funeral feasts:

That because of the exedra (at the foot of my statue) will place a funeral bed and each of its flanked by two seats, done (well) imported marble. For the celebration of funeral feasts) has, in the days when I open my funeral chapel, two blankets and two pillows (like those used in the couches) for bedding, to be placed (also) two coats ( of using the military) and a robe.

Image of tomb No. 15 at Isola Sacra having a biclinium on the front, taken from article by Regina Gee, cap. 5

-even leaving your Ma to cover the cost of flowers and banquets, as in this inscription Ravenna ( Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum , XI, 132).

ut ad monumentum quotannis roses et ibi ei spargant epulentur,

for that each year to spread roses sob re the tomb and there they develop the banquet.

's warmth and deep love for his mother found this inscription in verse of Safatis (now Algeria), which tells us a funeral banquet held in memory Aelia Secundulus, Julia Estatulenia mother who spends it. ( Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum , VIII, 20277)

Memoriae Aeliae Secundulae

Funeri mu[l]ta quid(e)m condigna iam misimus omneS,

Insuper ar(a)eque deposit(a)e Secundulae matrI(s),

Lapideam placuit nobis atponere mensaM,

In qua magna eius memorantes plurima factA;

Dum cibi ponuntur calicesque e[t] co[o]pertaE,

Vulnus ut sanetur n os rod(ens) pectore saevuM.

Libenter fabul(as) d um sera red(d)imus horA

Castae matri, bona(e), laudesq(ue), uetula dormiT

Ipsa, q(uae) nutri[t], iac e(n)s e(s)t sobria sempeR.

v(i xit) a(nnos) LXXV, a(nno) p(rouinciae) CCLX Statulenia lulia fecit

Secundulus In memory of Elia. All s we have already provided that the necessary arrangements for the funeral rites on the altar of our mother Secundulus, lies here. We have taken care to prepare the stone table, around which to remember his many virtuous deeds, as they are willing and offered food and cups, and tablecloths to cover the table, so you can heal the wound cruel disservice to our heart as in the late hours readily evoke memories and praise of our good and pious mother, our sweet little old lady sleeps, we fed it, now lies always sober. lived seventy-five years. In 260 of the province did Estatulenia Julia.

contains a dedication that s half hidden and visible in the sequential read from the initial letters (acronym) and finals (teleost) of each verse. To make it more clear, the letters are written here in capital letters, says children your sweet mother FILI DULCISIMAE MATR

• Feralia, 2 February 1 , last day of Parentalia

According Paulo Festo VI, the etymological origin of Feralia explained the verb fero, "action to bring the food" ( to ferendis epulis) "or the action of killing animals" (a feriendis pecudibus)

Meanwhile Varro, De lingua latina 6.13, introduces the idea of \u200b\u200bthe underworld and tells us

inferis et ab Feralia ferenda ferunt tum quod Epule sepulcrum quibus ibi ius ad parentare.

Feralia name comes from the inferi (the underworld) and ferre (to carry), it is the date on which food offerings are sa the graves which have the obligation to pay taxes funeral honors.

In Feralia became a sacrifice to the goddess Mania Tacit (= "silent"), lady death, which sometimes appears as mother of the Lares and another as queen of the Manes c Uya sad story Ovid tells in Fasti II, 583-616.

Now I want to know who is the goddess Muta. Learn what is known to me the old old. Jupiter defeated by the inordinate love of Yuturna, endured much, so unbearable for a god in its class. She, now hiding between the Plantations of the jungle, now jumping into the water, with her relatives. Jupiter nymphs together, whatever they dwelt in Latium, and I snapped the following words in the middle of the circle: "Your sister is jealous of herself and avoid sleeping with the supreme god thing it would be helpful. Take care of the two, because if my pleasure is to be large, the greater the benefit of your sister. When you take to flee, put yourself in front of her on the edge of the bank to not dip the body in the river. " That said. All nodded and nymphs of the Tiber also to entertain your thalamus, Ilia divine. Incidentally there was a naiad, named Lara, though his name was the first syllable ancient duplicated by mistake. Almon had said many times: "Daughter, curb your tongue," but she was not contained. So he found his sister's Lake Yuturna, said: "Depart from the banks', and told him the words of Jupiter. Juno also visited and told him, feeling sorry for the wives: "Your husband is in love with the nymph Yuturna." Jupiter was angry and ripped the tongue Naiad to that he had used recklessly, and calls to Mercury: "Take it where Manes, that is the proper place for quiet. Will nymph, but nymph underground lake. " Compliance with the orders of Jupiter. The forest greeted the arriving, is told that she then was pleased the god who was driving. It was about violence, she pleaded with the face by replacing the words, trying in vain to talk with his mouth moving. She became pregnant and gave birth to twins: the Lares, who keep and watch whenever the crossroads of our city.

found an interesting explanation of this myth in the book Living in women: studies of women in antiquity, and scribed by M. Dolors Molas Font, Elena Arnal Almirall

The story of the nymph who became a word (male prerogative), and acted to the detriment of authority and power of God and of his punishment, symbolizing the domestication and mutilation of the value of the word female. As speaker is cheerful nymph punished, but at the same time the jaws of silence are timely and Lara stained virtus is elevated to the status of gave sa to be venerated by their silence and seclusion in the silent world hell.

So physically Lara will be deprived of the tongue by Jupiter as punishment for his excessive language, inability to use language in a more discreet, and converted, according to Ovid Fasti II, 571-582 in Tacit-Muta Goddess of women offered a sacrum, which was actually in a spell against the "evil tongues", the last day of Parentalia

That is a loaded year old feels to between girls and complies with the rite of Tacit [silent goddess] although she is not silent (TACE) and placed at the threshold of three grains of incense, with three fingers, at the point where a tiny mouse has opened a hidden path. Then tie a happy spin on a piece of black lead, and stir in the mouth seven black beans, and burn fire the head of a minnow that has smeared with tar and sewing needle through it with copper. Also poured wine, wine which is drinking it or herself or companions, although it anymore. "We gagged the leng nails of hostile enemies and mouths," says the old line goes, leaving Drafts acha.

• the party Caristie or CARA cognatio, February 22,

In this festival unites the concept of end-life-death and rebirth in two areas:

• one hand in the family, because once placated the spirits of the ancestors was time to revive ties with relatives living with a family feast in which reconciliation is attempted relatives .

• and also in the field as it is now time when the year expires, and that February was in the old Roman calendar, the last month of the year, thus marking the end of one year and the beginning of another.

find references in Valerius Maximus II , 8:

Our ancestors also instituted an annual banquet that Caristie called. At the invitation did not go more than the families and relatives and was intended that, if there had been some tension or disagreement between members of one family, disappeared, using as defenders of the sacred harmony libations common feast and joy.

And of course also Ovid Fasti II, 565

The next festival is called of Caristie by loved ones. A crowd of relatives go to the gods of the family. It is really comforting to look away from the graves in which lie the relatives who have died and direct it to live and, having lost so many, to contemplate what is left of our blood and calculate the degree of kinship. But how come only the righteous! Far, far away from here, the wicked brother and the mother who shows cruel to their own children, one who thinks his father lives too long, which attempts to calculate the years that you still have your mother, the evil mother who to the daughter thing, which .(....) Hates You, the virtuous, offer incense to the gods of the family (say the sweet Concordia shown especially its assistance on that day) and offerings also food for the dish that they serve-assurance a worship pleasing to them, serve food to the Lares of tunic sleeves rolled up.

Party Pervivenvia the Caristie.

Image of the catacomb of San Marcelino in Via Labicana

February 22 is for cristi party years d and the "Chair of St. Peter" being the day of the institution of the papacy of Peter. Having chosen this day to celebrate an event which could not know the exact date seems to be due to wanting to replace a pagan Christian holiday important to honor the dead family with banquets often scandalous. San Augustine harshly rebukes the Christians who at that time were given to such abuses mentioned excesses that occurred in snack kept in the burial areas, including personal account cases such as the custom of his mother Monica to bring tubers to the tombs of martyrs (Aug. Conf 6.2.2.)

Sticking some of the customs associated with the memory of the dead are found in expressions we use today, including: conspicuous by its absence and have many fumes. I link to explaining both phrases I posted on the blog The flame of Vesta.

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BIOLOGICAL THERAPIES (6) BIOLOGICAL THERAPIES

truth I was a coward, was of having undergone biological therapies when I proposed it the rheumatologist, he must have stopped aside the fear and have pulled ahead, I did not and lost precious time, I could have saved a few months of pain and not continue with the medication that was prescribed knowing that I was no longer effective. I could have avoided respiratory depression (slowed breathing, or with insufficient force, so that it can not provide adequate ventilation and perfusion of the lungs) that I had a night to abuse taking painkillers and muscle relaxants. I was so scared when I woke up at dawn and feel like I could not breathe, and had much panting, and as I took a lot to get up of bed and get to the emergency phone to call the Health Center.

The ambulance with the doctor (I was lucky he was on duty that night my family doctor) and the ATS came quickly and they shot me Urbason (in other indications used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD), were making me a while company until breathing is normal. Everything had been in a fright. By having so much pain I had gone hand in hand with the pills, and lungs had been greatly relaxed in its normal movement of breath.

biological drugs were always hanging around the head, questions ... for not telling me position. Enduring the pain as he could, and checked as the disease progressed.

among those revisions was a change of rheumatologist, reached a new specialist consultation. When I touched the new review I found the newcomer. We talked for several minutes of my situation and once they reviewed my medical history, told me good news. counted on in the hospital with a new biological, his administration was by subcutaneous injection, not have to be entered for a few hours as it did with the previous (Remicade), and was giving the same results.

This bio was more comfortable as they can be administered in the patient's home, after a prescription and purchase from the hospital pharmacy. It was called as a trade name Humira and was active adalimumab, an anti TNF monoclonal antibody.

This time was to set aside fear. I told the new rheumatologist who agreed to start the biological treatment, which had already reached a limit, I was risking anything, and never left your query take a bit of hope that no matter what would happen to take that step forward.

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Marriage in Greece: προαυλία

The marriage ceremony in Athens was a sequence of events that included three days: the eve of the wedding , προαυλ ί α; wedding day , γ ά μος ; the day after the wedding , τ ὰ ἐ πα ύ λια . The terms προαυλ ί α and ἐ πα ύ derived from the verb λια α λ ὐ ί ζεσθαι , sleep rough, spend the night in the open . The favorite month of the Athenians to celebrate the marriage was to gamelion _final January-early February in our schedule and the seventh month of the Athenian calendar, which is named after the feast of ἱ ερ ὸ ς γ ά μος in honor of Zeus and Hera _ and the preferred days, the full moon .

Pollux is which designated a προαυλ ί α the day before the wedding . day was devoted to preparations for the festival and a series of rituals and traditions, which were propitiatory sacrifices, baths and offerings. was one of the few times when it was left to women to participate actively. These sacrifices were given the name of τ ὰ προτ έ λεια . Hesychius of Alexandria says at this point: τ ὰ προτ έ λεια πρ ὸ μι ᾶ ς τ ν γαμ ῶ ῶ ν τ ς παρθ ῆ έ νου . And as he himself says , it was at the same time, a sacrifice and a feast: ἡ πρ τ ὸ ῶ ν γ ά μων θυσ ί α, κα ὶ ἑ ορτ ή . It is therefore a religious act sacrifice was held by the father of the bride and the Artemis consecrated and Fates.

Some critics move the sacrifice of προτ έ λεια the wedding day itself and recognize in him the sacrifice that was made immediately before the banquet wedding. But while in this case the presence of the groom was required in the present one appears, as we can extract the text of Iphigenia at Aulis that it was a sacrifice father of the bride without the presence of one: the messenger tells the rumors in the camp of the Greeks:

have been devoted to the young Artemis, Lady of Aulis, but who is going to marry? (V.433-34)

Ἀ ρτ έ μιδι προτελ ί ζουσι τ ὴ ν νε ά νιδα, Α λ ὐ ί δος ἀ ν ά σση. τ ς νιν ί ἄ ξετα ί ποτε;

And when Agamemnon announces the marriage of Iphigenia near (v. 717 ὅ ταν σελ ή νης ε ὐ τυχ ὴ ς ἔ λθ ῃ κ ύ κλος ), you Clytemnestra question (v. 718 ):

προτ έ λεια δ ' ἤ δη παιδ ὸ ς ἔ σφαξας θε ᾷ ;

Have you offered to the goddess preliminary sacrifice the child?

According Richard Seaford ( The Tragic Wedding. The Journal of Hellenic Studies 107 (1987): 108 ) normal function προτ έ λεια seems to have been to give life to the deity of an animal in place of the life of the bride . In fact, often the Athenian bride was compared with an animal led to slaughter (remember back to about the tragedy of Iphigenia that believing girlfriend, was taken to sacrifice for his own father) Other authors also agree with this view: Avagianou ( Sacred Marriage, 16 ) argues that the wedding ritual is closely related to a holy sacrifice, and that the bride herself would be the sacrificial victim . Moreover, menstrual flow of a woman was often compared with the blood that flows from the slaughtered animal. Related to this, there are also Greek word ἀ μν ί ον (where amniotic ) designating the vessel to collect the blood of sacrifice and is in turn , connected to ἀ μν ς ό (lamb /-a)

Although undoubtedly the ceremony wedding was a major event in the life of man, not represent for him a rite of passage into adulthood as other women accounted for . In fact, this rite of passage to adulthood had been made by the boyfriend years ago. Instead, be the night before the wedding when the bride ofrendaría the goddess Artemis, in the ceremony called the ἀ παρχα ί , everything that represented his childhood, symbolizing well, goodbye to his childhood and entering adulthood. Often also offered to the goddess a lock of his hair or belt (gr. ζ ώ νη ) with magical charge that it entails and that could be interpreted as an invocation to Artemis Lisizona , which unleashes belt, or what is, a call to be a mother, a metaphor procreation.

There different interpretations regarding these offerings : Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones ( Aphrodite's Tortoise: The Veiled Woman of Ancient Greece , Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales, 2003, 219 ) says these offerings to Artemis would leave the bride metaphorically naked and ready to take the next step: becoming a woman . Oakley and Sinos ( Wedding in Ancient Athens, 12 ) say that the offerings were probably intended to ask permission from God to leave his area of \u200b\u200bprotection (as illustrated by the myth of Callisto , leave the protection of Artemis without permission may be dangerous) And, anyway, all this seems a contradiction about what we saw in the previous post . That is, the woman would be all their lives under the guardianship of a male (her father, husband, son, brother ...) and never reach the age not civil enough to command and lead their own lives or their own property . Was legally equivalent to a child . know the text of Aristotle (Policy I 1260 to 11-14):

κα ὶ π ᾶ σιν ἐ νυπ ά ὲ ρχει μ ν τ ὰ μ ό ρια τ ῆ ς ψυχ ῆ ς, ἀ λλ' ἐ νυπ ά ρχει διαφερ ό ντως· ὁ μ ὲ ν γ ὰ ρ δο ῦ λος ὅ λως ο ὐ κ ἔ χει τ ὸ βουλευτικ Ό ν, τ ὸ ὲ δ θ ῆ λυ ἔ έ χει μ ν, ἀ λλ ' ἄ κυρον, ὁ δ πα ὲ ῖ ς ἔ χειμ έ ν, ἀ λλ ' ἀ τελ έ ς

So marriage may simply represent the last step in the process of domestication of women . Since, as a girl, is under the protection of wild free Artemis, the marriage entrains and ased. In Hippocrates found that παρθ έ νοι are vulnerable to hallucinations because your uterus has not been open marital relations. The woman could only be physically healthy if maintained frequent intercourse, and bringing children into this world. Followers Hippocrates prescribed sex and pregnancy as a panacea for many diseases of women. This explains that the company understood the marriage as the surest path to a healthy παρθ έ νος .

The last of the ceremonies yesterday was the bridal bath . General use in Greece, but differed in their practices according to the city. In Athens, the young brides used the water fountain Callirhoe . But the ritual had certain characteristics: the container that was used to collect and transport the water was loutróforo , a very special container also associated with the funeral ritual . The procession should be formed by a child from among the closest relatives and a girl, besides the bride and young people with torches, which implies that the ceremony would take place at dusk . It appears in this image of a loutróforo Archaeological Museum of Athens . In it we see the procession preceded by a young woman carries two torches, which is a child crowned with myrtle playing aulos. Behind the girl is wearing the loutróforo that flies an Eros; followed the bride covered with a blanket and with bowed head and closed the procession two young men, one of which takes another gun.

Finally, we can not fail to note that not only the container carrying the water for bathing is related to the funeral ritual, but also the fact that the sacrifice offered by the father of the bride to consecrate it to Artemis and the Fates . The interpretation seems obvious: marriage was felt as a separation, as the output of a world (the children) and entry into another (adult life), just as death is the final transition from one life to another.