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In these days when we in Rome celebrated the Saturnalia (17 to December 23). The last days were the party of the Sigillaria , term with three meanings: the holidays, gifts this holiday season and own the market. Let's see then, in parts.

I. FIESTA ,

is

characterized by s gift of Sigillaria (terracotta dolls), especially to children and cerei , candles, primarily to employers.

1. Duration

In Macrobius Saturnalia, 1, 10, 23-4 read a conversation during the Saturna them at home Vettius Praetextatus who highlights the gradual

n popularity of the festival of Saturnalia and Sigillaria since the time of Caesar which increased its duration to seven days (from 17 to 23 December)

23. I believe that we have sufficiently established that the Saturnalia were usually held in one day, the fourteenth day before the Kalends, but then lasted for three days: in the first place because of the days added to this month by Caesar in second, due to an edict of Augustus in which added to the Saturnalia celebrations for three days. Consequently, the sixteenth day started, just the fourteenth, the only day that had previously been held regularly. 24. But added the conclusion of the extended Sigilares public excitement and happiness of the celebration until the seventh day.

2. Origin. Praetextatus ( Macrobius Sat, 1.46-509 ) argues that its origin is in the statuettes as sacrificial offerings were given to Saturn, after rejecting the explanation that Hercules makes his operator.

46. Now I have to review a few words to Sigilares to not think that I said we are more worthy of holy laughter. 47 Epica, that Hercules once killed Geryon, drove cattle victory over Italy, from a bridge ready for the event is now called the river threw Sublicio many statues of men and the number of comrades who had lost in the trip hazards, so that after the water flow reached the sea, returned to headquarters instead of the fathers of the dead bodies. Hereafter maintained the habit of making these statues on holy occasions. 48. I consider that this is more true origin of this issue that some have mentioned before: the Pelasgians, after a favorable interpretation appointed heads, not living people, but mud and the translation of photo was not only man but also torch began to light candles to Saturn and bring the sanctuary of Dis, who was near the altar of Saturn, some figures instead of their heads. 49 Thereafter exchange was forwarded to the Saturnalia candles, which were modeled in clay figurines and were willing to sell the men did a propitiatory sacrifice to Saturn for their own and place themselves in of Dis. 50. Thus for such animation Saturnalia stores lasts seven days, causing them to be idle, but not all solemn.

3. Linking to children

In conversation (op. cit.11.1) Evangelos said that these parties were typical of children who walk on all fours

Sigilares

that aims to provide fun with clay figurines children still crawling, are attached to a religious practice.

Linking gifts this holiday with children is also found in Seneca, Epistles to Lucilius , 12, 3

me, Felicio, your little boy, your favorite, you used to give statuettes, I am the son of thy steward Filostio.

and Suetonius, Claudius V:

His uncle Tiberius granted, upon request, the consular ornaments, but as soon calling for the consulate, he wrote the whole answer, I command thee forty pieces gold for the Saturnalia and Sigilarias

II. GIFTS were clay figurines or SIGILL, giving name to the festival.

For sigillum (diminutive of signum ) refers to any statue of deities, humans or animals and also the material for religious, decorative and burial to be found in sanctuaries as votive offerings or in graves as offerings to the dead whose most famous examples are those of Tanagra .

But these are not the only holiday gifts are also books, dishes, perfume, food, clothing and artwork. Martial, VII, LIII presents many of the gifts of the Saturnalia, for example received from Umbro

I sent in the Saturnalia, Umbro, all the gifts I had accumulated those five days. Two sets of six and seven leaflets toothpick. To this was added the company a sponge, a napkin, cup, half bushel of beans, with a basket of olives of the Piceno and a bottle of syrup of Laletania black. And with a few small prunes figs came from Syria and a heavy keel due to the amount of figs in Libya. I hardly think that would cost thirty sesterces all the gifts they brought eight burly men in Syria. Much more comfortably with no job could bring me five pounds of silver a slave!

In his book XIV, Apophoreta, Marcial focuses on gifts of Saturnalia, including mentions four figures made of clay (a mask, Hercules, Hunchback y Bruto).

CLXXI, Bruto

La gloria de tan pequeña estatuilla no es oscura; de ese niño, Bruto era el amante.

CLXXVI, Máscara

Soy, entretenimiento de un alfarero, la máscara de un pelirrojo bátavo. Esta cara de la que tú te burlas un niño la teme.

CLXXVIII, Hércules

Soy frágil; pero tú, te lo advierto, no desprecies la estatuilla. No le da vergüenza al Alcida de llevar mi nombre.

CLXXXII, Jorobado

Borracho dio a land, I think, these monsters Prometheus. With the mud saturnalicio played to him.

Another witness Saturnalia gifts we read in Suetonius on Augustus (Aug. 75 ) making donations and auctions

LXXV. Festivals and feasts celebrated with great pomp, but often not looking at it more than once ridiculed. Thus, in the Saturnalia, and at other times, at his choice, gifts sent to friends, consisting of dresses, gold, silver, coins from all parts, old parts of the time of kings or of foreign manufacture, coarse fabrics, sponges, tweezers, scissors and other objects of the same gender, with dark markings and double meanings. In their meals did draw lots of very unequal value, or put on sale tables turned upside down, DepEd chance to be undertaken or frustrate the expectations of the buyer. For each table there was a tender, and the guests were communicating to each other their good or bad fortune.

Saturnalia
These gifts become so expensive that, according to Macrobius 1, 7, 33 a tribune had filed a law banning gifts to others were not the cerei or Sigillaria . Many

occasion the Saturnalia required by greed of their clients gifts exaggerated and that burden levied on the weakest, the tribune of the people advertising established that no exchange with the richest except candles.

III. SPECIFIC MARKET because igillaria S was also the name of the neighborhood of Rome where he made and sold the figurines in which dwelt too many bookshelves. We read in Aulus Gellius two mentions of books purchased in this neighborhood.

Attic Nights 2, 3, 5 : One day memories do Optatus Fido, a grammarian much popularity in Rome, he showed me a copy of the old second book of the Aeneid, which he had bought for twenty aureus in the neighborhood of the Sigilarias.

Attic Nights 5, 4, 1 : Finding a day in a bookstore in the neighborhood of Sigilarias with one of the most learned men of our time, the poet Julio Paulo (...)

could also buy other items such as silver art objects, we see Suetonius, Claudio 16, 4

was noted also, among other peculiarities of censorship, which made buying a car and break publicly Silver wonderful work they had put up for sale near Sigilarias, and that in one day published twenty proclamations, including one that was available tar well considering that drums have a lot of wine that year, and others who advised the juice of the yew as an effective remedy against snakebite.

had to be a busy place at this time because the site chosen by Nero to walk around in Spore, with whom he had married, as Suetonius tells us Nero 28.2;

Dressed Spore with this dress empresses, was carrying with him on a litter to meetings and markets in Greece and Rome sigilarias parties, kissing all the time.

The exact location is unknown but is believed to be due in porticu Agrippiana and later in porticu Traianarum thermarum , the words appearing in Juvenal's Satire VI:

In the cold months, when Jason got a merchant gets locked and store white clogs their armed sailors, she has huge glasses of rock crystal, agate also the largest and most celebrated and also a diamond that is more expensive to have state on the finger of Berenice.

According to the commentary to this satire seems to be riding in the field of Mars on the street market Sigillaria in the stalls and shops in sight tapaban wall paintings of the Gate of Agrippa representing Jason and the Argonauts. The figure of Jason excel over the heads of traders as one, and his sailors, represented in a walking position, seem upset by the stalls.

So there's another trait common among our celebrations of Saturnalia and Christmas, the little markets where you can buy from a figurine to the crib, decorative ornaments , Books or toys ... a little of everything.

SIZE

R OF Sigillaria

We propose now a simple learning activity on this section of the Sigillaria , with which you can complete the recreation of Saturnalia, or present it as a separate unit.

These photos are a historical document, the Christmas shop in the school year 2006-2007 Cheste old.

On the tables are magnificent Sigillaria.

will need the following materials:

-modeling clay that dries the air and does not require baking.
-roller-sticks

-cookie cutters with different shapes.
"faux leather cord.

handed out the modeling clay to each student to develop skills as a figurine. They are provided artwork for guidance in the previous images we see dice, playing chips, a dove, a horse, two vases, a small lamp and a bulla. In the other three tintinnabula image as Merida. ( more about the Merida tintinnabula here)

If we want to do something simple we can use the cookie cutters with different shapes of star, heart, teddy, moon, ...

The process is:
1. We cover the work surface with plastic to make it easier to remove after pasta.
2. Roll dough to a piece of modeling clay sure that it is thin and the surface of equal thickness.

3. Insert the molds with the desired shapes in the dough.

4. Carefully unmold and make the hole for the cord. While wet can put your name, date, initials ... and then dry.

5. Once the paste dry and paint support can paint or leave them hanging in the natural tone. We put leather cord and we have our custom Sigillaria .

Finally

involved with our work as gifts we can recreate a lot of the usual these days as recommended by Charo on your blog Marco De Re Coquinaria on apophoreta.

We hope you find useful

Plurimam Salutem!

Cruising Placesin Nyc

Sigillaria and

In Homeric times, when the Greek world is still governed by the aristocratic culture, processions funerals were only intended to accompany the deceased to the crematorium and burial ashes. only within the polis in archaic and classical (late-eighth century BC), with its own institutions already in place, began to be given importance to the procession and took the value that would eventually taking and has become the leading exponent of the public life of the city as a human community.

Nevertheless, the procession is only the first of three phases that comprise the ritual of the festival: procession, sacrifice and agon. He could spend The festival also require a vigil , preparation, ritual language known by the name of pannychís . if one of the three elements, the first, the procession, was distorted and had cambiársele the name or be accompanied by a qualifier : magical procession, carnival, etc. is the case some of the archaic processions later assimilated largest festivals, which came to be part of genuine acts of worship processions : for example, the processions carrying on a stretcher with a huge phallus accompanied by an entourage of Bacchae were incorporated into the Greater Dionysia .

Greek The procession is not an act of worship broadly, but rather the preparation or progress towards it and, in fact, live processions marked esprit religious group, as which was from Athens to Eleusis , with other civic, as the Great Panathenaic . It was the mirror that was shown and watched the city: l the citizens, divided into meaningful groups, are ranked and showed their cohesion before men, but also to the deity to whom the festival was dedicated. The procession also marks the ritual territory of the city and the greater importance of the site on the periferia_ the importance and political dominance of Athens , the main town on the outlying under its administrative power.

The town itself is presented as the ultimate framework of religious life . Sanctuaries and cults attract the interest of the city, which only in so far as part of their common beliefs and member feels part of the civic body . As reads the oath of efebos , s. IV _ will fight to defend the sanctuaries and the city ... will honor the ancestral worship ,..._ the country, to the city, religion was primarily transmitted by their ancestors and therefore giving much importance large sacred ceremonies, under which had the sense to participate actively and fully in the life of the city in what was the essential and most precious.

Oldest plastic representation of a procession, or at least a ritual processional featuring forms, constitutes the Hagia Triada sarcophagus , from 1300-1400 BC. This is a four-sided coffin limestone painted the fresco technique and presents scenes from a moving procession to the sound of music, with transportation offerings, cult objects and sacrificial victims.

On the A side shows a scene with three men wearing offerings, consisting of animals and a model of a boat before a priest or God or even the same decedent (the picture shows a man with no arms rigid and there various interpretations on this) in front of his tomb. Behind see the tree of life . The other scene features three porters. One of them, possibly a priestess, goes, to make a libation , to a large crater located between two trees or pillars, crowned with Minoan Double Axe ( labrys ) and birds that representing the Cretan goddess _ bird the bird is, from the Paleolithic , the distance runner vast and incomprehensible and, therefore, all the invisible world. The Minoans what it took to make supreme image of the Epiphany of display of divinity.

On the flip side is the ritual slaughter of a bull : tied with ropes on table sacrifice at an altar adorned with horns consecration and a small tree next to a labrys with a bird. On the right, a woman prepares for the ceremony and a young man appears playing Aulos .

In one of the sides appears couple departed on a cart pulled by two taps and the other by two horses. Another interpretation presents these characters as gods or notables parading in cars, that is as prestigious attending the procession.

Klucz Licencyjny Matlab

PROCESSIONS customers and your day

A client is a free citizen rich or poor who go daily to pay tribute to a father and that publicly proclaiming his client as benets of their situation and influence. This shield can be in turn a more influential client, the same way that a customer may have several employers or patrons.

can disting uir four classes of customers:

• those interested in a political career and have the protection of your employer
• businessmen with business interests will be favored by the political influence of the employer, who will surely benefit as a partner.
• poets, philosophers, who survive on handouts employer
• and still be rich, want to be included in the will of the employer as beneficiaries in gratitude for his attentions.

Marcial 12, XXIX, (XXVI) speaks of inequalities among customers, in particular between a senator and himself to fulfilling its obligations customers r not ECEIVED the same compensation.

trails As I am many thresholds as a senator, I seem to be a gentleman stopped, because I do not run from one place to another with the first lights of the city and do not get along, tired, thousands of kisses back home. But you [you do] to add new names to the annals purple (1), or to guide you (2) to the nomadic peoples or the Cappadocian, but instead I, who was forced to interrupt half sleep and suffer and endure the mud morning what I seek? When I walk aimlessly I get the shoe is broken and I like a sudden shower of water fat (3 ) and not get my slave, called loudly after take off the robe, and about your slave to my ear and I freeze says: "Letorio invites you to dine with him." "For twenty sesterces? I'm not going, I prefer hunger to have me dinner as a reward and you have a provinc ia and we do not win the same and the same.

1. Consular

2. As governor ordinator.

3. Sewage were thrown through the windows shouting " water goes!".

The day

had to get up very early, sometimes even at night and wearing the toga long distances. Once before door every morning employer meets a motley group of people togadas to perform the rite of the morning greeting, salutatio morning.

The reception given to salutatores depended on their social status, not their order of LLE gada. From the door they were divided into two classes : p et secundae admissionis rhyme. Seneca in his treatise De beneficii s VI, XXXIV, 2 , informs us that you l first to establish an order in salutatio Livio were Graco and Drusus:

The prim eros among us used to divide the crowd of his henchmen were Gracchus and Livius Drusus, receiving some secret, among many others and others listening to them all and so can be said of them that were friends first and seconds, but not true. Friends call him "whose entry into your home has to wait for the wave of the list?

• primae admissionis Friends were renowned characters that could be received individually or in small groups in a closed room apart.
• Secundae admissionis , were the other customers were greeted in the atrium, just parading in front of the employer who occasionally offered his hand, or answered repeating the name of the customer to remember every time the Nomenclator , or did not respond to greetings from clients who called him rex, dominus . The greeting is: dominate bird!, Ave rex!

n also in this book I Marcial, CXII gives a touch of humor, but call for his employer Lord for his stinginess and leaving the treatment King returns to call you by name.

When you do not know, I called my s ene r my king, now I know well: for me and you will be Prisco

customer duties were going to greet the morning, the s alutatio morning and then Deduct i or who was out of the master's house part of their courtship and the assectatio , acompañarl or the rest of the day in their ITS OBLIGATIONS s day. In bian surround the dominus when declaimed or read his poems, praising and applauding everything he did. Marcial III, XLVI tries to get rid of their client obligations enviand or freedom who will be most useful to the employer

You I require, without I see the end, my s customer ervices. I am not, but I am sending my freedom. "It's not the same, I say. "I'll try it more. I could hardly keep the litter, he will. When you find yourself stuck in the crowd, he will step cod azo clean, and I have weak and sensitive sides. If you relate everything in the discourse of reason, I keep silent, but he will bellow a three "great!". You have a process, he will hear her loudly insults, the shame has contained always on my lips the words thick. "Then, you add, you, my friend, do not lend me anything?. "Yes, Candi do, what can not be the l Ibert .

return get their livelihood in the form of invitation for dinner, food to go, or money, or that call Maba sportula . Esportula first was a small basket with supplies that was later replaced by a sum of money, a hundred squares on everything from Nero. Juvenal Sat, I, 120

A row of bunk beds pressed Solicit a hundred rooms,

With this money ate, dressed and warmed as we read in Juvenal Sat, I, 119 : hence removed his robe, hence their shoes and bread and smoke in your home.

In the atrium or lobby them is delivered by a server carrying out this function, in order and under the supervision of the employer, as always some advantage to try to get a esportula of whom was not her employer. ( Juvenal Sat, I )

however Mr. examines first the c to ras and trembles at the thought of you to come instead to seek a false name. Once identified, you have yours. Mandates that the town crier go to the very troyúgenas naming because the threshold would also crush them with us. "Give a magistrate, then the tr Ibun"

The order was established by social class and is a descendant of slaves before the tribune because their income businesses have made a knight and proclaims:

Let them wait, then, the tribunes, to succeed the wealth, not yield to a venerable position who has recently arrived in this city with their feet whitened *

* in sales of slaves foot whitewashed the s of slaves imported to differential of the place. As we see in this box Boulanger

Others try to bypass the order and be served by emphasizing their dependents, as in Juvenal I, 125:

One, take a shower and in the usual tricks, ask for the absent showing in lu gar wife's empty bunk and closed. "This is my Gala" he says, despáchame soon. What do you expect? Remove the head Gala. Do not bother, please. He is resting "

The client not always received sportula , axle MPLO:

• if the employer had no sportula was sick, and the client naturally complained. Martial, Book IX , LXXXV

If ever, Atilio, our Paulo is a bit down, not put it a diet, but gives his guests. You suffer, of course, a lazy unexpected and feigned, but my esp órtula, Paulo, has kicked the bucket.

• sometimes employers were particularly stingy. Marcial 4, 26;

Want to tell you how much I lost, Posthumus, for not having visited in the morning in your home all year? I think about two times thirty or I think about three times twenty sesterces: forgive. A miserable toga, Posthumus, cost me more money.

.

• or humiliated clients do not receive after walking long distances, Marcial, V, XXII

(...) And what is even worse, Paulo: that, after overcoming many fatigues and get tired, tell the doorman you're not home. This is the end of my vain effort and sweat my poor robe: it is difficult to be worth well worth the watch Paulo morning. A customer is always helpful friends inhuman. Unless you fall asleep, can not be my pattern .

VI (VII)

On your return of the Libyan peoples, Afro, I wanted to give the "good morning" five days followed: "No time" or "sleep", I was told to return two or three times. Enough is enough. not want, Afro, the "good morning." goodbye.

In contrast sometimes were especially generous mind, in the holidays, births, marriages, making the manly toga, there were esportulas most important. For example the thirty sesterces, about 120 or 480 aces quadrants (from to be five times the usual amount of one hundred squares or 25 aces to six sesterces and an ace) to give the birthday of the patron, Marcial 10, 27

E n your birthday, Diodorus, the Senate sits at your table as a guest and few gentlemen left to join and your generously shared espórtula thirty sesterces by head. However, Diodorus, nobody believes you born.

The espórtula as we have seen in Juvenal was given in the morning in the salutatio . However there is another testimony of Martial Book III, VI being delivered in the afternoon after the bath.

Goodbye and , poor little hundred quadrant s, a donation he made to his bathers soaked weary customers. What do you think, folks hungry? It espórtulas No more proud of a pattern. "There's no pretense, it's a salary you have to give."

customer This easement was never owned their time and Marcial XI, XXIV prevented him from writing his books

While accompany you and you back your house while your ears ready quackery and I applaud everything you say and do, how many verses could be born, Labulo! Do not you think that is a disservice if you read Rome, seeking the stranger, not ridicule the gentleman, he knows by heart the senator, praised the attorney, the skinned poet, dies because of you? Is this true, Labulo? Who is going to tolerate that for that to take you a greater number of poor little togados smaller number of my books? In almost thirty days now, I barely finished one page! This is what happens when the poet does not want to have dinner at home.

In Juvenal's Satire I see a summary of a customer journey that Dining at home just a few cabbages

The day itself is distributed according to a nice program: the esportilla, then Apollo forum law expert and triumphant images, including a nobody, to whose portrait not only allowed to take a leak , has dared to put their titles of "Egyptian" and "Arabarca." Are removed from their old and tired hallways customers abandoning their wishes, although the hope of an invitation to dinner is the last thing you lose, have to buy the wretched his cabbages and firewood. Meanwhile devour most exquisite mountain and sea on the pattern of these people and it s Nly will empty the table between backups ...

But although it had been invited to dinner, might not have been well treated on the basis of what Marcial tells us VI, LXVIII, and I, LX

I invite you for a hundred squares and dinner based on well. "I invite, Sixth, dinner, or envious?

-----

Being invited to dinner and not as before , as a customer paid why not I serve the same dinner that you? You take oysters fattened in Lake Lucrino, I sip a mussels when they had cut the mouth. You have fungi tickets I take mushrooms pigs; t ú you fight with a turbot, however I with a bream. To you I filled a golden dove d and huge thighs to get me a Picaza dead in her cage. Why have dinner without you, Pontus, having dinner with you? serve something the disappearance of the espórtula: dine as well.

In the blog we read De Re Coquinaria meals of the day the customer and l a recreation of this dinner and its adaptation. Do not miss it!

The images belong to this flickr album. This is some old stickers advertising the Liebig signature. In case you want to know more, I leave what I found this brief explanation and full catalog.

Salutem plurimam!

Bmx Paint Application

Ποσειδεών

The sixth month of the Attic calendar is dedicated to the god Poseidon , who is called. This god, who rules the seas, which has the horse as he devoted animal and is represented iconographic a trident, starred alongside Athena, one of the most famous episodes of Greek mythology. When the Athenians were seeking a divinity that godfather, two deities were presented: Poseidon and Athena . Litigated between them for control of the city and the region of Attica : Athena offered the olive city, while Poseidon brought forth a spring of salt water . The Athenians did not hesitate to choose a patron goddess Minerva, and gave their name to the city.

month, which corresponds December-January for our calendar not have too many festivals. The first festival, the Neomenia , we find the first day of the month _ the first day of each calendar month in the attic was called Neomenia or Noumenía (of ν έ ος, new , and μ ή ν, month, moon ) _ It's a party fixed from time immemorial was being held at the new moon of each month at Syria, Egypt , Greece and Rome . In Egypt the ceremony was conducted with great pomp animals corresponding to the blue sign that they would enter the Sun and Moon ; in Greece offered sacrifices to the gods, especially Apollo , considered the father of light, months, seasons, day and night . The Neomenia were held with public feasts and games which alternated between rich and poor without distinction, were addressed to the gods solemn prayers and religious homage paid tribute to heroes and demigods. Participants received this holiday season Neomeniastés name . In Greece this day was also dedicated to the goddess Hecate , according to some authors, or Selene , according to others. Hecate is the personification of the new moon, while it would Selene the Moon when it starts to be visible in its first quarter increase. The two end up being associated with the goddess Artemis and together, Hecate, Selene and Artemis, would result in one of the most magical syncretism of Greek religion, the goddess TriForma or Artemis of the three faces, representing the New Moon, Crescent Moon and Full Moon, which is a manifestation the changing nature of the Moon.

We do not know what was the cult of Hecate , but it is an ancient deity domestic and magic character is a deity threshold, in fact, his epithet is Hecate the front of the doors , also called the Giver of Visions . represents the most negative world and is feared dead. Protection of the spirits that are in the house , so regular cleaning is made as a purification for the spirits leave and were driven to the crossroads, which were also the territory of this deity. To placate her, smeared with oil stones of the crossroads and he made offerings of coca, pasta, bread, oil, honey or milk.

In Rome, on the other hand, these parties were called Calendas, the name given also the first day of each month. They made sacrifices and led prayers to the gods in gratitude for the benefits they dispensed. The Kalends of March were the most solemn , since, in principle, that month was the first of the year on your calendar.

regard to the dates of the festivals held this month remaining, there is little agreement. For Haloas there who points on 5 Posideón , while others were transferred to day 25 or 26. The same applies to the Agricultural Dionysia : according to some, were held on 10, 11, 13 and 14, while others lead to 27, 28 and 29 of the month.

We limit, therefore, to describe what they were these festivals.

The Agricultural Dionysia or The Piraeus. Ascoli.

is one of the many festivals that were held in Athens in honor of Dionysus . In general, we can say that Dionysia had practically the whole year and divided into ancient, modern, major, minor, picnics, vernal, autumnale, night ... With regard to that concern us, the countryside or Piraeus, also called Ascoli (gr. ἀ σκ ό ς, wineskin, flayed animal skin) had three parts: Thoinia, Ascoli, Iobacco , corresponding to each of the days were celebrated. In the first part, ie the first day, we have no news whatsoever, of the second, Ascoli, we know that jumping on one foot on a bottle filled with wine and rubbed with oil and contests that were made to see who managed to not fall or slip . We also perform a procession around a huge phallus, symbol of fertility, which sought to promote the productivity of fields planted in the fall . In it, a young carrying a basket full of raisins or nuts, and a pot of legumes offered to God, and leading a goat to sacrifice, because being an animal that kills the vine leaves to feed, is the enemy of Dionysus . The Phallus was conducted on long poles or sticks for Phallophoros , ministers of God, who crowns of violets and ivy on his head, and masks of green branches, phallic sang, sort of verses Free ; were then Ithyphallophoros that women dressed in white suits, adorned with garlands and flowers in their hands imitating the gestures of drunkenness . was a joyous festival in which participants sang, dancing and shouting obscenities at those who were on the road. Slaves were also involved. From s. V BC, demoi most important and rich added drama. The last day was the Iobacco (gr. ἰὼ Β ά κχε ), in which the maenads invoked the god of joy and shouting samples ἰὼ Β ά κχε!

The Haloas (gr. ἁ λω ά ς, was where the grain was threshed )

Celebration, in honor of Demeter, Core and Dionysus. It is a feast of purification . The party was reserved for women and included the disclosure of secrets relating to femininity. Part of the festival was the profession of obscenities, which the company had sex symbols and abundant libations of wine . Haloas The began in Athens and ended in Eleusis, where the judges were preparing a meal with products from the land and sea, except those that were banned in the Eleusinian Mysteries : pomegranates, apples, eggs, etc. When the banquet was ready, he left everything in the hands of women.

women spent all night watching the light and heat from the fires . The city gave them firewood, in addition to the floorboards.