23. I believe that we have sufficiently established that the Saturnalia were usually held in one day, the fourteenth day before the Kalends, but then lasted for three days: in the first place because of the days added to this month by Caesar in second, due to an edict of Augustus in which added to the Saturnalia celebrations for three days. Consequently, the sixteenth day started, just the fourteenth, the only day that had previously been held regularly. 24. But added the conclusion of the extended Sigilares public excitement and happiness of the celebration until the seventh day.
2. Origin. Praetextatus ( Macrobius Sat, 1.46-509 ) argues that its origin is in the statuettes as sacrificial offerings were given to Saturn, after rejecting the explanation that Hercules makes his operator.
46. Now I have to review a few words to Sigilares to not think that I said we are more worthy of holy laughter. 47 Epica, that Hercules once killed Geryon, drove cattle victory over Italy, from a bridge ready for the event is now called the river threw Sublicio many statues of men and the number of comrades who had lost in the trip hazards, so that after the water flow reached the sea, returned to headquarters instead of the fathers of the dead bodies. Hereafter maintained the habit of making these statues on holy occasions. 48. I consider that this is more true origin of this issue that some have mentioned before: the Pelasgians, after a favorable interpretation appointed heads, not living people, but mud and the translation of photo was not only man but also torch began to light candles to Saturn and bring the sanctuary of Dis, who was near the altar of Saturn, some figures instead of their heads. 49 Thereafter exchange was forwarded to the Saturnalia candles, which were modeled in clay figurines and were willing to sell the men did a propitiatory sacrifice to Saturn for their own and place themselves in of Dis. 50. Thus for such animation Saturnalia stores lasts seven days, causing them to be idle, but not all solemn.
that aims to provide fun with clay figurines children still crawling, are attached to a religious practice.
me, Felicio, your little boy, your favorite, you used to give statuettes, I am the son of thy steward Filostio.
His uncle Tiberius granted, upon request, the consular ornaments, but as soon calling for the consulate, he wrote the whole answer, I command thee forty pieces gold for the Saturnalia and Sigilarias
I sent in the Saturnalia, Umbro, all the gifts I had accumulated those five days. Two sets of six and seven leaflets toothpick. To this was added the company a sponge, a napkin, cup, half bushel of beans, with a basket of olives of the Piceno and a bottle of syrup of Laletania black. And with a few small prunes figs came from Syria and a heavy keel due to the amount of figs in Libya. I hardly think that would cost thirty sesterces all the gifts they brought eight burly men in Syria. Much more comfortably with no job could bring me five pounds of silver a slave!
LXXV. Festivals and feasts celebrated with great pomp, but often not looking at it more than once ridiculed. Thus, in the Saturnalia, and at other times, at his choice, gifts sent to friends, consisting of dresses, gold, silver, coins from all parts, old parts of the time of kings or of foreign manufacture, coarse fabrics, sponges, tweezers, scissors and other objects of the same gender, with dark markings and double meanings. In their meals did draw lots of very unequal value, or put on sale tables turned upside down, DepEd chance to be undertaken or frustrate the expectations of the buyer. For each table there was a tender, and the guests were communicating to each other their good or bad fortune.
occasion the Saturnalia required by greed of their clients gifts exaggerated and that burden levied on the weakest, the tribune of the people advertising established that no exchange with the richest except candles.
Attic Nights 2, 3, 5 : One day memories do Optatus Fido, a grammarian much popularity in Rome, he showed me a copy of the old second book of the Aeneid, which he had bought for twenty aureus in the neighborhood of the Sigilarias.
Attic Nights 5, 4, 1 : Finding a day in a bookstore in the neighborhood of Sigilarias with one of the most learned men of our time, the poet Julio Paulo (...)
was noted also, among other peculiarities of censorship, which made buying a car and break publicly Silver wonderful work they had put up for sale near Sigilarias, and that in one day published twenty proclamations, including one that was available tar well considering that drums have a lot of wine that year, and others who advised the juice of the yew as an effective remedy against snakebite.
Dressed Spore with this dress empresses, was carrying with him on a litter to meetings and markets in Greece and Rome sigilarias parties, kissing all the time.
In the cold months, when Jason got a merchant gets locked and store white clogs their armed sailors, she has huge glasses of rock crystal, agate also the largest and most celebrated and also a diamond that is more expensive to have state on the finger of Berenice.
5. Once the paste dry and paint support can paint or leave them hanging in the natural tone. We put leather cord and we have our custom Sigillaria . 
In Homeric times, when the Greek world is still governed by the aristocratic culture, processions funerals were only intended to accompany the deceased to the crematorium and burial ashes. only within the polis in archaic and classical (late-eighth century BC), with its own institutions already in place, began to be given importance to the procession and took the value that would eventually taking and has become the leading exponent of the public life of the city as a human community. Nevertheless, the procession is only the first of three phases that comprise the ritual of the festival: procession, sacrifice and agon. He could spend The festival also require a vigil , preparation, ritual language known by the name of pannychís . if one of the three elements, the first, the procession, was distorted and had cambiársele the name or be accompanied by a qualifier : magical procession, carnival, etc. is the case some of the archaic processions later assimilated largest festivals, which came to be part of genuine acts of worship processions : for example, the processions carrying on a stretcher with a huge phallus accompanied by an entourage of Bacchae were incorporated into the Greater Dionysia .
Greek The procession is not an act of worship broadly, but rather the preparation or progress towards it and, in fact, live processions marked esprit religious group, as which was from Athens to Eleusis , with other civic, as the Great Panathenaic . It was the mirror that was shown and watched the city: l the citizens, divided into meaningful groups, are ranked and showed their cohesion before men, but also to the deity to whom the festival was dedicated. The procession also marks the ritual territory of the city and the greater importance of the site on the periferia_ the importance and political dominance of Athens , the main town on the outlying under its administrative power.
The town itself is presented as the ultimate framework of religious life . Sanctuaries and cults attract the interest of the city, which only in so far as part of their common beliefs and member feels part of the civic body . As reads the oath of efebos , s. IV _ will fight to defend the sanctuaries and the city ... will honor the ancestral worship ,..._ the country, to the city, religion was primarily transmitted by their ancestors and therefore giving much importance large sacred ceremonies, under which had the sense to participate actively and fully in the life of the city in what was the essential and most precious.
Oldest plastic representation of a procession, or at least a ritual processional featuring forms, constitutes the Hagia Triada sarcophagus , from 1300-1400 BC. This is a four-sided coffin limestone painted the fresco technique and presents scenes from a moving procession to the sound of music, with transportation offerings, cult objects and sacrificial victims.
On the A side shows a scene with three men wearing offerings, consisting of animals and a model of a boat before a priest or God or even the same decedent (the picture shows a man with no arms rigid and there various interpretations on this) in front of his tomb. Behind see the tree of life . The other scene features three porters. One of them, possibly a priestess, goes, to make a libation , to a large crater located between two trees or pillars, crowned with Minoan Double Axe ( labrys ) and birds that representing the Cretan goddess _ bird the bird is, from the Paleolithic , the distance runner vast and incomprehensible and, therefore, all the invisible world. The Minoans what it took to make supreme image of the Epiphany of display of divinity.
On the flip side is the ritual slaughter of a bull : tied with ropes on table sacrifice at an altar adorned with horns consecration and a small tree next to a labrys with a bird. On the right, a woman prepares for the ceremony and a young man appears playing Aulos .
In one of the sides appears couple departed on a cart pulled by two taps and the other by two horses. Another interpretation presents these characters as gods or notables parading in cars, that is as prestigious attending the procession.
can disting uir four classes of customers:
trails As I am many thresholds as a senator, I seem to be a gentleman stopped, because I do not run from one place to another with the first lights of the city and do not get along, tired, thousands of kisses back home. But you [you do] to add new names to the annals purple (1), or to guide you (2) to the nomadic peoples or the Cappadocian, but instead I, who was forced to interrupt half sleep and suffer and endure the mud morning what I seek? When I walk aimlessly I get the shoe is broken and I like a sudden shower of water fat (3 ) and not get my slave, called loudly after take off the robe, and about your slave to my ear and I freeze says: "Letorio invites you to dine with him." "For twenty sesterces? I'm not going, I prefer hunger to have me dinner as a reward and you have a provinc ia and we do not win the same and the same.
1. Consular
2. As governor ordinator.
3. Sewage were thrown through the windows shouting " water goes!".
The day
had to get up very early, sometimes even at night and wearing the toga long distances. Once before door every morning employer meets a motley group of people togadas to perform the rite of the morning greeting, salutatio morning.
The reception given to salutatores depended on their social status, not their order of LLE gada. From the door they were divided into two classes : p et secundae admissionis rhyme. Seneca in his treatise De beneficii s VI, XXXIV, 2 , informs us that you l first to establish an order in salutatio Livio were Graco and Drusus:
The prim eros among us used to divide the crowd of his henchmen were Gracchus and Livius Drusus, receiving some secret, among many others and others listening to them all and so can be said of them that were friends first and seconds, but not true. Friends call him "whose entry into your home has to wait for the wave of the list?
n also in this book I Marcial, CXII gives a touch of humor, but call for his employer Lord for his stinginess and leaving the treatment King returns to call you by name.
When you do not know, I called my s ene r my king, now I know well: for me and you will be Prisco
customer duties were going to greet the morning, the s alutatio morning and then Deduct i or who was out of the master's house part of their courtship and the assectatio , acompañarl or the rest of the day in their ITS OBLIGATIONS s day. In bian surround the dominus when declaimed or read his poems, praising and applauding everything he did. Marcial III, XLVI tries to get rid of their client obligations enviand or freedom who will be most useful to the employer
You I require, without I see the end, my s customer ervices. I am not, but I am sending my freedom. "It's not the same, I say. "I'll try it more. I could hardly keep the litter, he will. When you find yourself stuck in the crowd, he will step cod azo clean, and I have weak and sensitive sides. If you relate everything in the discourse of reason, I keep silent, but he will bellow a three "great!". You have a process, he will hear her loudly insults, the shame has contained always on my lips the words thick. "Then, you add, you, my friend, do not lend me anything?. "Yes, Candi do, what can not be the l Ibert .
return get their livelihood in the form of invitation for dinner, food to go, or money, or that call Maba sportula . Esportula first was a small basket with supplies that was later replaced by a sum of money, a hundred squares on everything from Nero. Juvenal Sat, I, 120
A row of bunk beds pressed Solicit a hundred rooms,
With this money ate, dressed and warmed as we read in Juvenal Sat, I, 119 : hence removed his robe, hence their shoes and bread and smoke in your home.
In the atrium or lobby them is delivered by a server carrying out this function, in order and under the supervision of the employer, as always some advantage to try to get a esportula of whom was not her employer. ( Juvenal Sat, I )
however Mr. examines first the c to ras and trembles at the thought of you to come instead to seek a false name. Once identified, you have yours. Mandates that the town crier go to the very troyúgenas naming because the threshold would also crush them with us. "Give a magistrate, then the tr Ibun"
The order was established by social class and is a descendant of slaves before the tribune because their income businesses have made a knight and proclaims:
Let them wait, then, the tribunes, to succeed the wealth, not yield to a venerable position who has recently arrived in this city with their feet whitened *
One, take a shower and in the usual tricks, ask for the absent showing in lu gar wife's empty bunk and closed. "This is my Gala" he says, despáchame soon. What do you expect? Remove the head Gala. Do not bother, please. He is resting "
The client not always received sportula , axle MPLO:
If ever, Atilio, our Paulo is a bit down, not put it a diet, but gives his guests. You suffer, of course, a lazy unexpected and feigned, but my esp órtula, Paulo, has kicked the bucket.
Want to tell you how much I lost, Posthumus, for not having visited in the morning in your home all year? I think about two times thirty or I think about three times twenty sesterces: forgive. A miserable toga, Posthumus, cost me more money.
.
(...) And what is even worse, Paulo: that, after overcoming many fatigues and get tired, tell the doorman you're not home. This is the end of my vain effort and sweat my poor robe: it is difficult to be worth well worth the watch Paulo morning. A customer is always helpful friends inhuman. Unless you fall asleep, can not be my pattern .
VI (VII)
On your return of the Libyan peoples, Afro, I wanted to give the "good morning" five days followed: "No time" or "sleep", I was told to return two or three times. Enough is enough. not want, Afro, the "good morning." goodbye.
In contrast sometimes were especially generous mind, in the holidays, births, marriages, making the manly toga, there were esportulas most important. For example the thirty sesterces, about 120 or 480 aces quadrants (from to be five times the usual amount of one hundred squares or 25 aces to six sesterces and an ace) to give the birthday of the patron, Marcial 10, 27
E n your birthday, Diodorus, the Senate sits at your table as a guest and few gentlemen left to join and your generously shared espórtula thirty sesterces by head. However, Diodorus, nobody believes you born.
The espórtula as we have seen in Juvenal was given in the morning in the salutatio . However there is another testimony of Martial Book III, VI being delivered in the afternoon after the bath.
Goodbye and , poor little hundred quadrant s, a donation he made to his bathers soaked weary customers. What do you think, folks hungry? It espórtulas No more proud of a pattern. "There's no pretense, it's a salary you have to give."
customer This easement was never owned their time and Marcial XI, XXIV prevented him from writing his books
While accompany you and you back your house while your ears ready quackery and I applaud everything you say and do, how many verses could be born, Labulo! Do not you think that is a disservice if you read Rome, seeking the stranger, not ridicule the gentleman, he knows by heart the senator, praised the attorney, the skinned poet, dies because of you? Is this true, Labulo? Who is going to tolerate that for that to take you a greater number of poor little togados smaller number of my books? In almost thirty days now, I barely finished one page! This is what happens when the poet does not want to have dinner at home.
In Juvenal's Satire I see a summary of a customer journey that Dining at home just a few cabbages
The day itself is distributed according to a nice program: the esportilla, then Apollo forum law expert and triumphant images, including a nobody, to whose portrait not only allowed to take a leak , has dared to put their titles of "Egyptian" and "Arabarca." Are removed from their old and tired hallways customers abandoning their wishes, although the hope of an invitation to dinner is the last thing you lose, have to buy the wretched his cabbages and firewood. Meanwhile devour most exquisite mountain and sea on the pattern of these people and it s Nly will empty the table between backups ...
But although it had been invited to dinner, might not have been well treated on the basis of what Marcial tells us VI, LXVIII, and I, LX
I invite you for a hundred squares and dinner based on well. "I invite, Sixth, dinner, or envious?
-----
Being invited to dinner and not as before , as a customer paid why not I serve the same dinner that you? You take oysters fattened in Lake Lucrino, I sip a mussels when they had cut the mouth. You have fungi tickets I take mushrooms pigs; t ú you fight with a turbot, however I with a bream. To you I filled a golden dove d and huge thighs to get me a Picaza dead in her cage. Why have dinner without you, Pontus, having dinner with you? serve something the disappearance of the espórtula: dine as well.
In the blog we read De Re Coquinaria meals of the day the customer and l a recreation of this dinner and its adaptation. Do not miss it!
The images belong to this flickr album. This is some old stickers advertising the Liebig signature. In case you want to know more, I leave what I found this brief explanation and full catalog.
Salutem plurimam!
